ESAN PEOPLE

History Of The Esan People

The Esan people are an ethnic group located in Southern Nigeria, primarily within Edo State. They possess a rich and complex history that intertwines with the broader narratives of the Benin Empire and the region's socio-political developments. Their evolution over centuries has been marked by significant events that have shaped their identity, culture, and social structures. The Esan people's history serves not only as a reflection of their past but also stands as a testament to their enduring spirit and resilience in the face of various challenges, including colonialism, migration, and socio-economic changes. Throughout their history, they have maintained a strong sense of community and cultural pride, which continues to influence their contemporary way of life.

Origin of the Esan People

The Esan people trace their origins to the legendary figures of Akan, Efa, and Emehi, among seven children who are considered the original descendants of Pa Idu.

According to oral traditions, these ancestral figures played pivotal roles in the formation of the Esan identity and community structures, laying the groundwork for the rich cultural heritage that defines the Esan people today. Their migration patterns were significantly influenced by historical events, including the arrival of Oranmiyan in Benin, which marked a transformative period in the history of the region. This migration not only facilitated the spread of Esan culture but also established connections with other neighbouring ethnic groups including Igala and Ika, thereby enriching their cultural tapestry and fostering a sense of unity among the Esan people. The narratives surrounding these origins are deeply embedded in their folklore and continue to be celebrated in various cultural expressions.

Etymology of Esan

The term Esan originates from the word Omesan, which signifies the special descendants of the priesthood family of Idu. The name "Esan" is thought to stem from their cultural practices involving their deities, highlighting a profound spirituality connected to their ancestors. Esan land is richly endowed with powerful traditionalists.

During the reign of Ogiso Igodo from 40 BCE to 16 AD, one of his sons left the Igododmigodo capital, known as Ugbekun, and settled in the area now known as Evwo Ikhimwin. This occurred before new migrants arrived during the reign of Oba Ewuare from 1440 to 1473 AD, reflecting a deep connection to their identity and existence as a distinct group. This name encapsulates their cultural essence and signifies their unique contributions to the broader Edo state mosaic. The significance of the term "Esan" extends beyond mere nomenclature; it embodies the collective consciousness of the Esan people and their aspirations for recognition and respect within the diverse cultural landscape of Esan land.

Agriculture in Esan Land

Agriculture plays a crucial role in the economy and culture of the Esan people. They engage in various farming practices, cultivating crops such as cassava, yam, maize, and vegetables, which are integral to their sustenance and trade. The agricultural practices of the Esan people are not merely economic activities; they are deeply interwoven with their cultural rituals and social life. Farming seasons are often marked by vibrant festivals and communal gatherings that celebrate the harvest and reinforce social bonds within the community. These events serve not only to honor the agricultural cycle but also to strengthen relationships among families and neighbors. Additionally, the Esan people have developed traditional agricultural techniques that have been passed down through generations, showcasing their deep understanding of the land and its resources. This profound connection to agriculture reflects their identity and highlights the importance of environmental stewardship in their way of life.

Historical Context

Part of the Benin Empire

The Esan people were part of the Benin Empire, which was one of the most powerful and influential kingdoms in West Africa. This affiliation with the Benin Empire provided the Esan people with a framework for governance, trade, and cultural exchange. The empire's political structure influenced the organization of Esan society, leading to the establishment of various kingdoms that played vital roles in regional politics. The Esan people contributed significantly to the economic and cultural vibrancy of the empire, engaging in trade and diplomacy that facilitated interactions with neighboring communities and foreign entities. Their involvement in the empire's affairs not only enriched their own culture but also positioned them as key players in the historical dynamics of the region.

Oba Ewuare's Harsh Rules

During the reign of Oba Ewuare, the the Benin Kingdom faced harsh rules that affected their social and economic structures. This period was characterized by strict governance and punitive measures that stifled the autonomy of various communities. The oppressive nature of these rules prompted significant migration as communities sought refuge from the harsh conditions imposed by the Oba's administration. This migration not only altered the demographic landscape of Esan land but also led to the establishment of new settlements and the blending of cultures. The challenges posed by Oba Ewuare's regime forced the Esan people to adapt and innovate, leading to the emergence of new social structures and alliances that would shape their future.

Esan Migration during Oba Ewuare's Reign

The harsh rules imposed by Oba Ewuare in Benin KIngdom led to the migration of many people, resulting in the establishment of new settlements and communities across various regions meeting with the already existing people . These migrations were often driven by the desire for better opportunities, safety, and the quest for self-governance. As they moved, the people took with them their cultural practices, languages, and traditions, which contributed to the rich diversity found in the regions they settled. This period of migration is a significant chapter in the history of the Esan people, reflecting their adaptability and resilience in the face of adversity. The new communities/clans formed during this time became vital centers of Esan culture, preserving and evolving their traditions in response to changing circumstances.

Trade with the Portuguese

The Esan people engaged in trade with Portuguese merchants, exchanging goods and resources, which facilitated cultural and economic exchanges. This interaction with the Portuguese opened new avenues for trade, allowing the Esan people to access foreign goods while also exporting their local products. The trade relationships established during this period not only enhanced the economic standing of the Esan communities but also led to the introduction of new ideas, technologies, and cultural practices, further enriching their heritage. The influx of foreign goods and influences contributed to the dynamism of Esan society, fostering a spirit of entrepreneurship and innovation that characterized their economic activities.

Esan Independence

Following the colonial period, the Esan people achieved a form of independence, reclaiming aspects of their cultural identity and governance. This resurgence of cultural pride and autonomy was marked by a renewed emphasis on traditional practices, languages, and community governance structures. The quest for self-determination has enabled the Esan people to foster a sense of unity and purpose, as they work towards preserving their heritage while adapting to the modern world. This period of independence has also seen the Esan people engaging in broader national dialogues about their rights, representation, and the importance of cultural preservation in the face of globalization and cultural homogenization.

List of 35 Kingdoms of Esan

• Amahor

• Ebelle

• Egoro

• Ewohimi

• Ekekhenlen

• Ekpoma

• Ekpon

• Emu

• Ewu

• Ewato

• Ewosa

• Idoa

• Ifeku

• Igueben

• Ilushi

• Inyelen

• Irrua

• Ogwa

• Ohordua

• Okalo

• Okhuesan

• Onogholo

• Opoji

• Oria

• Orowa

• Uromi

• Udo

• Ugbegun

• Ugboha

• Ubiaja

• Urhohi

• Ugun

• Ujiogba

• Ukhun

• Uzea

  See more...

Enojie's of Esan

The title of Enojie is significant in Esan culture, representing the leaders of the various kingdoms within Esan land. These leaders play a crucial role in governance and the preservation of Esan traditions. The Enojie are not only political leaders but also custodians of the cultural heritage of their people. They are responsible for maintaining the social order, resolving disputes, and ensuring the continuity of cultural practices that define the Esan identity. Their leadership is often characterized by a deep sense of responsibility towards their communities, as they navigate the challenges of modernity while upholding traditional values. The Enojie also serve as important figures in mediating relationships between their communities and external entities, ensuring that the voices of the Esan people are heard in broader socio-political discussions.

Conclusion

The Esan people have a rich cultural heritage and history that reflects their resilience and adaptability through significant historical events. Their agricultural practices, socio-political structures, and cultural identity continue to thrive in modern times. As they navigate the complexities of contemporary society, the Esan people remain committed to preserving their unique cultural identity, ensuring that their history and traditions are passed down to future generations. This dedication to cultural preservation not only strengthens their community bonds but also enriches the broader Nigerian cultural landscape, showcasing the diversity and richness of the nation's heritage. The Esan people's journey through history is a powerful narrative of survival, adaptation, and cultural pride, which continues to inspire future generations to embrace their identity and heritage with pride.

Author :

#Obruke Orodje